Collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate
1924 CE · The Ottoman Empire
After WWI defeat and the rise of the Turkish Republic under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the last Ottoman caliph Abd al-Majid II is deposed and expelled in 1924. For the first time in over 1,300 years, the ummah has no formal caliphate. This triggers massive political and religious debate across the Muslim world that continues today.