Abolition of the Caliphate
1924 CE · The Modern Era
The Turkish Republic abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate — ending 1,300 years of a formal Islamic political institution. Muslim thinkers across the world respond with new political and theological frameworks: the Muslim Brotherhood is founded in Egypt (1928), Mawdudi founds Jamaat-e-Islami in India (1941), and Islamic scholars produce hundreds of works debating governance, reform, and revival.