The Caliphate of Cordoba falls into taifas
1031 CE · Al-Andalus — Islamic Spain
After decades of civil war, Cordoba’s caliphate dissolves into dozens of taifa (party) kingdoms — Seville, Granada, Toledo, Zaragoza each under its own dynasty. Culturally the taifa courts blaze — poetry, science, and Ibn Hazm’s scholarship flourish — but the division invites both the Christian kingdoms’ advance and, in answer, the Almoravid crossing from Morocco.