Custodians of Makkah and Madinah
1517 CE · The Ottoman Empire
Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and becomes the guardian of Makkah, Madinah, and Jerusalem. The Ottoman sultans assume the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (Khadim al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn) and protect the Hajj routes for 400 years.