Meem sakinah and qalqalah: the echo rules

Quran Recitation with Tajweed · a self-paced course lesson

A meem with sukoon (مْ) has three rules, decided by the NEXT letter. Before ب: ikhfa shafawi — hide the meem lightly with ghunnah (hum), lips barely touching. Before another م: idgham mithlayn — merge into one pressed meem with ghunnah. Before all 26 other letters: izhar shafawi — say the meem clearly, no hum, and move on. Where noon sakinah had four doors, meem has three, and two of them involve the lips (shafawi means "of the lips").

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